代词是什么意思(英语代词用法全归纳)

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代词是什么意思(英语代词用法全归纳)

英语代词的用法全归纳

一、定义与分类

代词是代替名词及起名词作用的短语或句子的词。代词根据其意思和用法可分为人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词、相互代词、疑问代词、连接代词、关系代词、不定代词九类。综观历年高考情况,在这九类代词中,不定代词一直是高考英语的重点。

二:人称代词,物主代词,反身代词用法概述

这三种代词都有人称(一、二、三人称)的变化、数(单、复数)的变化,以及性(阴性、阳性、中性)的变化。其中,人称代词除了这三种变化外,还有格(主格、宾格)的变化。

物主代词又包括两种形式:形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词。特别注意:形容词性物主代词its没有相应的名词性物主代词。

这三种代词的形式变化表如下:

三、人称代词的用法

1) 定义:人称代词是用来指代人、动物或事物的代词。它必须在人称(第一人称、第二人称、及第三人称)、数(单数、复数)以及性(阴性、阳性、中性)三方面与被指代的名词一致。代词一致。

如:I am a student. Tom is a boy, and he is a student.

Mary is very pretty, and she likes singing.

The boys are students, and they are in the room.

The doy is small. It is Tom's.

2) 人称代词的句法功能

A) 人称代词有主格和宾语之分:主格用作主语,宾格用作宾语。宾语一般在Vt.和Prep.后。

B) 人称代词的主格形式在在句中作主语和表语。 做主语时,人称为二三一。但是复数形式时为一二三。注意主谓一致:第三人称。

如: I like music(主语).

She is a teacher.(主语)

You,he and I are good friends(主语).

Neither she nor I am student. It might have been she.

C) 人称代词的宾格在句子作动词的宾语,或者介词的宾语。

如:I saw him at the party(宾语).

I bought a book for them.(作介词宾语)

=I bought them a book.(间接宾语)

☆注意:

a.在口语中,人称代词的主格形式作表语时,常常可以用宾格替换。

如:——Is this Mr. Green? ——Yes, this is he/him.

b. 在口语中,当人称代词用于than, as 之后或用于强调句中被强调时,用主格(较正式)和宾格(较口语化)均可以。如:

He sings better than I/me. 他比我唱得好。

She is as tall as me(I am).

c. 单独使用的人称代词通常用宾格,即使它充当的是主语也是如此。如:“I like English.” “Me too=I like English too.”

名词性物主代词:mine/ours/yours/his/hers/its/theirs

三、物主代词

形容词性物主代词:my/our/your/his/her/its/their

1) 名词性物主代词mine/ours/yours/his/hers/its/theirs

名词性物主代词则不能用作定语,相当于一个名词词组,可以单独使用,在句中用作主语、宾语、表语、和介词of连用。

May I use your pen? Yours works better. 主语

I love my motherland as much as you love yours. 宾语

I am writing with your pen, not with mine. 介词宾语

My life is yours. 表语

2) 形容词性物主代词的用法my/our/your/his/her/its/their

形容词性物主代词在句中只用作定语,相当于一个形容词,不能单独使用;后要跟名词。但是不与冠词、指示代词连用。翻译为。。。的

A) 形容词性物主代词与形容词一起修饰名词时,其顺序是:形容词性物主代词+形容词+名词。如:

my new bike我的新自行车 her young son 她年幼的儿子

B) 形容词性物主代词不能单独使用,它后面必须跟名词,即在名词前作定语。如:

这是我的钢笔.[误]This pen is my. [正]This is my pen.

※注意:A) 名词性物主代词后不能跟名词,或代词one。它总是单独出现在句中。如:The umbrella is mine.

He likes my pen. He doesn’t like hers.

B) 名词性物主代词=形容词性物主代词+名词

为避免重复使用名词,有时可用“名词性物主代词”来代替“形容词性物主代词+名词”的形式。

如:My bag is yellow, her bag is red, his bag is blue and your bag is pink.

为避免重复使用bag,可写成My bag is yellow, hers is red, his is blue and yours is pink.

C) 可以说 a friend of mine (ours, yours, hers, his, theirs),=one of my friends;但是不能说a friend of me (us, you, her, him, them)。

D) 有时同一个结构用不用物主代词会导致含义的变化。如:

Don’t lose heart. 别灰心 She lost her heart to Jim. 她爱上了吉姆。

四、反身代词的用法

1)定义:

如人称代词一致,反身代词的人称和数以及性要和它所指代的名词或代词一致。

2)反身代词的句法功能:反身代词只有主语和宾语是同一个人时才可以使用。

反身代词可用作宾语、同位语、表语等。用作同位语时,主要用于加强被修饰词的语气,可紧放在被修饰名词后或句末。

如:

He himself was a doctor. (同位语)=He was a doctor himself.(句末)

She is too young to look after herself. (宾语)

That poor boy was myself.(表语)那个可怜的孩子就是我自己。

注意

1.反身代词用于 be, feel, seem, look 等后作表语表示身体或精神所处的状态。如:

I'll be myself again in no time. 我一会儿就会好的。

He doesn't feel himself today.

I’m not quite myself these days. 我近来身体不大舒服。

2.反身代词与介词的固定搭配:

()

for oneself亲自,为自己

by oneself单独的/独立的

to oneself:

供某人独自使用的

暗自(在心中)的常与动词think,say,talk,tell等连用。

beside oneself由于气愤激动等而近乎发狂忘形。。。得要命

among themselves一起共同

between ourselves私下谈,不和外人谈

in oneself本质,本身,实际上

in spite of oneself不由自主地

of oneself自行的,自发的,自动的

3.反身代词与动词的固定搭配

enjoy oneself玩得开心 Behave yourself!有礼貌规矩 absent oneself 缺席; 抽身;

apply oneself to 致力于, 集中精力做某事

cut/hurt oneself伤到自己 help oneself to随便吃

teach oneself sth=teach sth by oneself自学

say to oneself自言自语 dress oneself打扮自己

lose oneself to沉浸于陶醉于。。。中

devote oneself to致力于,献身于

adopt oneself to 使自己适应或习惯于某事

treat oneself to sth (1)招待(吃……,请客吃……)(2)让……享受,给……买 address oneself to专心于(工作)

make oneself at home 别拘束;随便点,就象自己家一样 seat oneself别客气,随便坐

think for oneself为自己着想think by oneself独立思考

五、相互代词的用法

英语的相互代词只有each other和one another,它们在句中通常只用作宾语,不能用作主语或状语等。如:

Students should help one another. 学生应该互相帮助。

We have known each other for many years. 我们认识许多年了。

注意:相互代词可以有所有格形式(each other’s, one another’s)。如:They often stay in one another's house. 他们常常在彼此的家里住。另外,有人认为 each other用于两者,one another用于三者,但在现代英语中它们常可换用(即均可用于两者或三者)。

6、指示代词的用法

this/that/these/those/such/so/same/it

1)指示代词分单数(this / that)和复数(these / those)两种形式,既可作限定词又可做代词,例如:

单数 复数

限定词:This girl is Mary. Those men are myteachers.

代 词:This is Mary. Those are my teachers.

2)指示代词的句法功能

指示代词主要有四个,即this, that, these 和those。它们在句中可作主语、宾语、表语、定语等。指示代词做定语时不与冠词连用。

This is my book.(主语) I want that.(宾语)

My book is that.(表语) I like that dress.(定语)

注意:

1. 为避免重复,可用 that 和 those 代替前面提到的名词。如:

The playground of this school is bigger than that of that school.(that=the playground)

My seat is next to that of the mayor. 我的座位在市长座位旁边。

2. 用来回指上文提到的事情时,可用this 或that,但是若要指下文叙述的事情,通常要用 this。如:

——She is a beautiful girl.——Who said that?

I want to know this: Is she beautiful? 我想知道这一点:她美吗?

3. 在打电话时,通常用 this 指自己,用that指对方:

Hello. This is Jim. Is that John? 喂,我是吉姆,你是约翰吗?

4. 除用作代词外,this 和that 还可用作副词,用以修饰形容词或副词,意为“这么”、“那么”,相当于 so。

如:I've done only that much. 我所做的就这么多。

Is he always this busy? 他总这么忙吗?

5. 指示代词this, that 和these在作主语时可指物也可指人,但作其他句子成分时只能指物,不能指人。而those作宾语后接定语从句时可以指人。而且只有that、those后面可以跟定语从句。

如:(对)That is my teacher. 那是我的老师。(that作主语,指人)

(对)He is going to marry this girl. 他要和这个姑娘结婚。(this作限定词)

(错)He is going to marry this. (this作宾语时不能指人)

(对)I bought this. 我买这个。(this指物,可作宾语)

He admired those who looked beautiful. 他赞赏那些外表漂亮的人。(those指人)

He admired that which looked beautiful. 他赞赏外表漂亮的东西。

6. so用作代词可代替前面肯定的句子,常做think, tell, say, believe, hope, expect,suppose, guess, I’m afraid, seem等词之后。如:I don’t think so.

7. same 做代词时多与the连用。

七、疑问代词的用法

1. 疑问代词即指who, whom, whose, which, what等用于引出特殊疑问句的代词。它们在句中可用作主语、表语、宾语、定语等。

如:

What did she say? 她怎么说?

Which are our seats? 哪些是我们的座位?

What are you worrying about? 你为什么事烦恼?

注意:1. who和whom 只用作主语、宾语和表语,不用作定语;what, which, whose 则既可用作主语、宾语和表语,也可用作定语。

2. what与 which的用法区别:当选择的范围较明确时,用 which;当选择的范围不明确时,用 what。

如:

Which color do you like, red, black or white? 红色、黑色和白色,你喜欢哪种?

What color is your car? 你的汽车是什么颜色的?

8、连接代词的用法

1. 连接代词主要包括who, whom, what, which, whose, whoever, whatever, whichever, whosever 等,它们在句中可用作主语、宾语、表语、定语等(但who, whom, whoever 等不用于名词前作定语),主要用于引导主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句等。

如:

Ask him which he wants. 问他要哪一个。

The question is who can help us. 问题是谁能帮助我们。

What he says sounds reasonable. 他说的话听起来有道理。

2. 关系代词型 what 的用法。

比较下列两句:

I don’t know what you like. 我不知道你喜欢什么。

You can get sth what you like. 你想要什么就可得到什么。

第一句中的 what 表示“什么”;第二句中的what 则具有关系代词的性质,相当于“先行词+关系代词”,表示“…所…的一切事或东西”,如上面第二句的 what就相当于everything that。顺便说一句,这样用的what 有时还可后接一个名词。

如:

We gave him what (little) help we could. 我们给了他我们力所能及的帮助。

3. whatever, whoever与whichever的用法:它们可用于引导主语从句和宾语从句,也可用于引导让步状语从句。如:

Whoever comes will be welcome. 任何人来都欢迎。

Whatever she did was right. 她做的一切都是对的。

Whoever you are, you can't enter. 不管你是谁,都不能进去。

Whichever side wins, I shall be happy. 不管哪边赢,我都会高兴。

九、不定代词的用法

1)定义:

不定代词是不指明代替任何特定名词或形容词的代词。

2)种类

英语中不定代词有:some(something,somebody,someone,somewhere),any(anything,anybody,anyone,anywhere),no(nothing,nobody,no one), every(everything,everybody,everyone,everywhere),all,each,both,much,many,(a)little,(a)few,other(s),another,none, one,either,neither, more, most,。

3)不定代词的句法功能

1)作主语,例:Both(of us) are right.

2)作宾语,例:He gave two to each(of them).

3)作表语,例:That’s nothing.没什么。

I’m not somebody,I’m nobody.我不是重要人物,我是个无名小卒.

4)作定语,例:You may take either road.

5)作同位语,例:They both agreed to stay here.

☆不定代词是英语所有代词中最重要的一类,也是高考英语中最常考的一类,复习时应注意以下几点:

1. some和 any的比较:都表示“一些”

some:

some +可数名词复数或不可数名词

some一般用于肯定句中,但是在表示请求、邀请或征求意见的疑问句中,希望得到肯定回答。通常要用 some 而不用any。

any:

any +可数名词复数或不可数名词

any则用于否定句、疑问句或条件从句中

any可表示“任何,无论哪一个”后可接单数可数名词

Tom has some picture books.I have waited some time.

Have you had any questions?There aren’t any pictures on the wall.

Will you lend me some money? 可以借些钱给我吗?

Why don’t you bring some flowers? 为什么不带些花来呢?

2. both:①表示两者都。。。作定语后接名词复数。做主语谓复。

②与定冠词,指示代词,物主代词连用应放在之前。

both与not连用表示部分否定。

如:两个人都要来。他的两个建议都很好。

either:①表示“两者中的任何一个”,做主语谓单,作定语后接单数可数名词

②either用于否定句表示全部否定。

③either +of+名词/代词(复数)做主语谓单。

either…or…做主语谓语动词由最靠近的名词来确定。

如;那两姐妹中有一个要来。要么你要么他去扫地。

neither:①表示“两者中的没有一个”。后接单数可数名词

②neither用作副词意为“也不”。not...neither如:

He can’t do it,neither can I.

③neither...nor... “既不...也不...”。注意主谓一致。

如:他不是学生,你也不是学生。

3. (a) few 与 (a) little。

few和a few 后接复数名词。little和a little后接不可数名词。

few 和 little表示数量很少或几乎没有,强调“少”,含有否定意义;而a few 和 a little 则表示数量虽然少但毕竟还有,强调“有”,含有肯定意义。注意在反义疑问句中运用。如:

He knew few of them,did he?

He sold only a few of the papers, didn’t he?

He knew little about it, did he?

There is still a little left, isn’t there?

4. all, every, each的用法。

all:

all强调整体地考虑总体,all指人时看作复数,指物时看作单数。all后接复数名词。All was destroyed in the big fire.

all指三者及其以上的“所有,全部”。

all与定冠词,指示代词,物主代词连用,放在其前面。

与not连用表示部分否定。

all还可后接of短语. There is room for all of us.

every:

强调考虑总体中的所有成员(与all很接近,有时可以互换),区别如下:All are present.=Everyone is present. 一般情况下every和单数名词搭配,all和复数名词搭配。

every 后必须接名词,既不能单独使用也不能后接 of 短语,如:Every child enjoys Christmas.

All children enjoy Christmas.

every和not连用表示部分否定。

each:

each既可单独使用,也可后接名词.

指两者或两者以上的“每个”, 着重于个别概念.

each可以与of连用后接n.的复数以及代词的复数,each of短语做主语谓语动词用单数。如:Each of us has a book.

each所有格一般为his。如:Each must do his duty.

Two men came into the room. Each carried an umbrella.

Each/Every book on this desk is worth reading.

5. other, the other, another, others的用法。

Other:另外的,别的,其他的,一般不单独使用,常和the和this,some,any,each,every,no,one和形容词性物主代词连用。后接单数名词。

The other:只两者中的任何一个,后接单数名词。但是the other后接名词复数或者是the others表示其余的全部。

Another:指三者及其以上的另外一个。another后一般要单数可数名词,但若其后的名词有数词或 few 修饰,表示又再还,也可接复数名词。如:I've got another five minutes.

others(其后不接名词)=other + n. 意为别的人或物。Some…others…一些…另一些…

如:

Show me some others. 再拿一些给我看。

Show me another. 另拿一个给我看。

We should think of others. 我们应该多为别人着想。

Where are the other students? 其他同学在哪里?

6. no one, nobody, none 的用法

1. 从所指代的名词来看

no one=nobody,两者均只能指人不指物,且其后不可接表示范范围的of短语;而none 既可指人也可指物,且其后通常要接表示范围的of短语。如:Almost no one [nobody] believed her.

None of the keys would open the door.

2. 从单复数意义来看

no one=nobody均表示单数意义,用作主语时,谓语动词也用单数;而none用作主语时,若指不可数名词,谓语只能用单数,若指可数名词,则谓语可用单数(较正式)也可用复数(用于非正式文体)。如:None of this money is mine.

None of my friends is [are] interested. 我的朋友没有一个感兴趣。

3. 从否定的范围来看

none通常否定的是一种数量,即指数量上“一个也没有”,而 no one 或 nobody 则往往表示一种全面否定,即指“谁都没有”。正因为none否定的是一种数量,所以在回答how many 或 how much 的提问时,通常用none,而在回答 who 的提问时,通常用 no one 或 nobody。如:

---How many persons are there? ----None.

---Who is here? ---Nobody.

7. 复合不定代词的用法。复合不定代词主要包括 something, somebody, someone, anything, anybody, anyone, nothing, nobody, no one, everything, everybody, everyone 等,它们在句中可用作主语、宾语或表语,但不能用作定语。其中使用时应请注意以下几点:

(1) 受定语修饰时,定语应置于其后。

如:Tell us something interesting. There was nobody tired. Everything is ready,isn’t it? Nobody is ready, is he?

(2) 指人的复合不定代词若用作主语,其谓语动词一般用单数,相应的人称代词和物主代词也用单数 he, him, his (不一定指男性)。但在非正式文体中常用复数代词 they, them, their。指物的不定代词相应的人称为it。如:

If anybody [anyone] comes, ask him [them] to wait. 要是有人来,让他等着。

(3) anyone, everyone 等只能指人,不能指物,且其后一般不接of 短语。若是指物或后接 of 短语,可用 any one, every one (即分开写)。

. something, someone 等和 anything, anyone等的区别与 some 和 any 的区别一样,前者一般用于肯定句,后者一般用于否定句、疑问句或条件句。

It的用法

1、指示代词it:在特定的环境中,it可指代人,也可指性别不明,婴儿或身份不明的人。

如:What a beautiful baby--is it a boy?

2、人称it:代替前面或后面的单数名词或分句所表示的事物。

如:I was disappointed with the film. I had expected it to be much better.

3、无人称it:用作非人称代词,表示时间、天气、距离、温度、环境等。如:It is going to rain.

It’s about 15 minutes’ walk from here to the bar.

四:形式主语

It作形式主语常见句型

动词不定式,动名词或主语从句作主语时,通常把它们放在谓语动词前,而用it作形式主语,放到句首,常见句型有:

1. It + be + 形容词+主语从句,

如: It is uncertain whether he can come to Jenny’s birthday party or not.

2. It + be + 名词词组 + 主语从句,这类名词有:a fact, a pity, a shame, an honour,a question等,如:

It’s a pity that you missed the exciting football match. It remains a question whether he will come or not.

3. It + be + 过去分词 + 主语从句,这类过去分词有:announced, believed, expected, hoped, decided, reported, said, shown等, 如:

It is reported that 16 people were killed in the earthquake.

It is not decided who will give the operation to the patient.

4. It + 不及物动词(seem, appear, happen等) + 主语从句, 这类不及物动词有:appear, happen, seem等, 如:

It seemed that he didn’t tell the truth.

It happened that I was out when he called.

5. It + be + 形容词 + for sb.+ to do sth 表示事物特征

这类句型常用形容词easy, difficult, hard, important, possible,wise等作表语,有时候为了强调不定式动作的执行者,常在不定式前加for sb,如:

It’s necessary for the young to master two foreign language.

It is unwise to give the children whatever they want.

这类形容词有:easy, difficult, hard, important, possible, wise

6. It + be + 形容词 + of sb. + to do sth,这类形容词常是表示心理品质,性格特征的形容词,如:kind, nice, clever, foolish, impolite, silly, considerate等。某人和这些形容词可以构成主系表结构。如:

It’s very kind of you to help me with the work. =You are kind to help me.

It seemed selfish of him not to share his dictionary with others. =He seemed selfish not to share his dictionary with others.

7. It + be +名词词组 + 动词不定式,如: It is not a good habit to stay up too late.

8. It + be + 名词或形容词 + 动名词,这类名词和形容词常常是:good, no good, no use, a waste of, useless, senseless,no pointt等,如:

It’s a waste of time talking to her any more.

It is no use arguing about the matter with him.

9. It + take ( sb. )+ 时间(金钱)+ 动词不定式,如: It took the workers almost three years to finish building the dam. It will take a whole day to get to the top of the mountain on foot.

五:it 与时间相关的句式归纳:

1It takes sb some time (时间段) + to do sth 花费某人多少时间做某事

② It is (high / about) time that sb did / should do (是某人该做某事的时候了。从句动词须用过去式或should + 动词原形,should千万不能省,high, about表示强调)。

例:It’s high time that you worked hard at your lessons. / you should work hard at your lessons.

③ 第几次做某事的句型

It (this) is the first time + that clause (从句用现在完成时)

例:It is the second time that you have come late for school this week.

It (this) was the first time + that clause (从句用过去完成时)

例:It was the third time that we had visited the Great wall.

④ It was / is / will be + some time (时间段) + before …(过多久才…,该时间段较长,常用词汇:minutes, hours, days, weeks months, years, along time, etc.)

例如:It will be 120 days before Beijing hosts the 29th Olympics.

It was / is will be not + some time (时间段较短) + before (没过多久就…)

例如:It won’t be very long before we leave school.

⑤ It is / has been + some time (时间段) + since…(自从…以来,多久了。)since从句为一般过去时态.

例如:① It’s 2 years since he smoked. (他戒烟两年了)

② It has been 3 years since we last met. (我们已有三年不曾见面了)

6、It was + 时间点 + when (引导定语从句)。注意:it指时间,该时间前无介词,一般为具体时间,注意与强调句区分。强调句:1).It is+被强调的部分+that如果被强调的部分为时间状语,则为完整的时间。带有介词2).It is/was not until...that...

例:① it was 8 a.m when I got up.

② it was at 8 a.m that I got up.(强调句)

六: it常见的固定搭配

take it easy别着急 make it成功 get it明白 catch it受处罚 take it买了 as sb. puts it正如某日所说

When it comes to...当谈及。。。时 That’s it.那就对了。

I can’t help it.我没有办法。

七:it做形式宾语

1. it代替不定式短语think/ find/ feel/ consider/ make/ regard…+ it +形容词/名词+ 不定式短语如:I find it pleasant to work with him.

2.it代替动名词短语,只限于少数句型。如:

The professor consider it no good reading without understanding.

Do you consider it any good trying again?

He found it useless(no use)arguing with him.

He thought it absolutely senseless attempting the impossible.

I don’t think it worthwhile going to such a place.

3. V. +it+ when/if从句。常见于appreciate, enjoy, like, dislike, love, hate, prefer等少数动词。如:

We would much appreciate it if you could do us that favour.

4. V. +it+ that从句。常见于like, take, have, put等少数动词后。如:

I take it that they will succeed sooner or later.

5. V. +it+介词短语+ that从句。常见于bring it to one’s attention, owe it to sb, take it for granted等结构中

如:I took it for granted that they were not coming.

6. V. +介词短语+ it+ that从句。常见于answer for, depend on, insist on, look to, see to, stick to等结构中。如:

I’ll see to it that everything is ready in time.

7. V. +it+过去分词+从句。常见于几个可以带过去分词做宾语补足语的动词后。一感二听三使五看。如:

They haven’t made it known where the meeting is to take place.

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